forked from external-repos/squoosh
Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin/dev' into visdif-error
This commit is contained in:
4
codecs/resize/pkg/squoosh_resize.d.ts
generated
vendored
4
codecs/resize/pkg/squoosh_resize.d.ts
generated
vendored
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@
|
||||
* @param {number} typ_idx
|
||||
* @param {boolean} premultiply
|
||||
* @param {boolean} color_space_conversion
|
||||
* @returns {Uint8Array}
|
||||
* @returns {Uint8ClampedArray}
|
||||
*/
|
||||
export function resize(input_image: Uint8Array, input_width: number, input_height: number, output_width: number, output_height: number, typ_idx: number, premultiply: boolean, color_space_conversion: boolean): Uint8Array;
|
||||
export function resize(input_image: Uint8Array, input_width: number, input_height: number, output_width: number, output_height: number, typ_idx: number, premultiply: boolean, color_space_conversion: boolean): Uint8ClampedArray;
|
||||
|
||||
export type InitInput = RequestInfo | URL | Response | BufferSource | WebAssembly.Module;
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
16
codecs/resize/pkg/squoosh_resize.js
generated
16
codecs/resize/pkg/squoosh_resize.js
generated
@@ -26,8 +26,16 @@ function getInt32Memory0() {
|
||||
return cachegetInt32Memory0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function getArrayU8FromWasm0(ptr, len) {
|
||||
return getUint8Memory0().subarray(ptr / 1, ptr / 1 + len);
|
||||
let cachegetUint8ClampedMemory0 = null;
|
||||
function getUint8ClampedMemory0() {
|
||||
if (cachegetUint8ClampedMemory0 === null || cachegetUint8ClampedMemory0.buffer !== wasm.memory.buffer) {
|
||||
cachegetUint8ClampedMemory0 = new Uint8ClampedArray(wasm.memory.buffer);
|
||||
}
|
||||
return cachegetUint8ClampedMemory0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function getClampedArrayU8FromWasm0(ptr, len) {
|
||||
return getUint8ClampedMemory0().subarray(ptr / 1, ptr / 1 + len);
|
||||
}
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* @param {Uint8Array} input_image
|
||||
@@ -38,7 +46,7 @@ function getArrayU8FromWasm0(ptr, len) {
|
||||
* @param {number} typ_idx
|
||||
* @param {boolean} premultiply
|
||||
* @param {boolean} color_space_conversion
|
||||
* @returns {Uint8Array}
|
||||
* @returns {Uint8ClampedArray}
|
||||
*/
|
||||
export function resize(input_image, input_width, input_height, output_width, output_height, typ_idx, premultiply, color_space_conversion) {
|
||||
try {
|
||||
@@ -48,7 +56,7 @@ export function resize(input_image, input_width, input_height, output_width, out
|
||||
wasm.resize(retptr, ptr0, len0, input_width, input_height, output_width, output_height, typ_idx, premultiply, color_space_conversion);
|
||||
var r0 = getInt32Memory0()[retptr / 4 + 0];
|
||||
var r1 = getInt32Memory0()[retptr / 4 + 1];
|
||||
var v1 = getArrayU8FromWasm0(r0, r1).slice();
|
||||
var v1 = getClampedArrayU8FromWasm0(r0, r1).slice();
|
||||
wasm.__wbindgen_free(r0, r1 * 1);
|
||||
return v1;
|
||||
} finally {
|
||||
|
||||
Binary file not shown.
7
codecs/resize/pkg/squoosh_resize_bg.wasm.d.ts
generated
vendored
Normal file
7
codecs/resize/pkg/squoosh_resize_bg.wasm.d.ts
generated
vendored
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
|
||||
/* tslint:disable */
|
||||
/* eslint-disable */
|
||||
export const memory: WebAssembly.Memory;
|
||||
export function resize(a: number, b: number, c: number, d: number, e: number, f: number, g: number, h: number, i: number, j: number): void;
|
||||
export function __wbindgen_add_to_stack_pointer(a: number): number;
|
||||
export function __wbindgen_malloc(a: number): number;
|
||||
export function __wbindgen_free(a: number, b: number): void;
|
||||
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use cfg_if::cfg_if;
|
||||
use resize::Pixel;
|
||||
use resize::Type;
|
||||
use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
|
||||
use wasm_bindgen::Clamped;
|
||||
|
||||
mod srgb;
|
||||
use srgb::{linear_to_srgb, Clamp};
|
||||
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ pub fn resize(
|
||||
typ_idx: usize,
|
||||
premultiply: bool,
|
||||
color_space_conversion: bool,
|
||||
) -> Vec<u8> {
|
||||
) -> Clamped<Vec<u8>> {
|
||||
let typ = match typ_idx {
|
||||
0 => Type::Triangle,
|
||||
1 => Type::Catrom,
|
||||
@@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ pub fn resize(
|
||||
typ,
|
||||
);
|
||||
resizer.resize(input_image.as_slice(), output_image.as_mut_slice());
|
||||
return output_image;
|
||||
return Clamped(output_image);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Otherwise, we convert to f32 images to keep the
|
||||
@@ -138,5 +139,5 @@ pub fn resize(
|
||||
.clamp(0.0, 255.0) as u8;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return output_image;
|
||||
return Clamped(output_image);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -39,9 +39,9 @@ The returned `image` object is a representation of the original image, that you
|
||||
When an image has been ingested, you can start preprocessing it and encoding it to other formats. This example will resize the image and then encode it to a `.jpg` and `.jxl` image:
|
||||
|
||||
```js
|
||||
await image.decoded; //Wait until the image is decoded before running preprocessors
|
||||
await image.decoded; //Wait until the image is decoded before running preprocessors.
|
||||
|
||||
const preprocessOptions: {
|
||||
const preprocessOptions = {
|
||||
resize: {
|
||||
enabled: true,
|
||||
width: 100,
|
||||
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ const preprocessOptions: {
|
||||
}
|
||||
await image.preprocess(preprocessOptions);
|
||||
|
||||
const encodeOptions: {
|
||||
const encodeOptions = {
|
||||
mozjpeg: {}, //an empty object means 'use default settings'
|
||||
jxl: {
|
||||
quality: 90,
|
||||
|
||||
132
libsquoosh/src/WebAssembly.d.ts
vendored
Normal file
132
libsquoosh/src/WebAssembly.d.ts
vendored
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* WebAssembly definitions are not available in `@types/node` yet,
|
||||
* so these are copied from `lib.dom.d.ts`
|
||||
*/
|
||||
declare namespace WebAssembly {
|
||||
interface CompileError {}
|
||||
|
||||
var CompileError: {
|
||||
prototype: CompileError;
|
||||
new (): CompileError;
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
interface Global {
|
||||
value: any;
|
||||
valueOf(): any;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
var Global: {
|
||||
prototype: Global;
|
||||
new (descriptor: GlobalDescriptor, v?: any): Global;
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
interface Instance {
|
||||
readonly exports: Exports;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
var Instance: {
|
||||
prototype: Instance;
|
||||
new (module: Module, importObject?: Imports): Instance;
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
interface LinkError {}
|
||||
|
||||
var LinkError: {
|
||||
prototype: LinkError;
|
||||
new (): LinkError;
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
interface Memory {
|
||||
readonly buffer: ArrayBuffer;
|
||||
grow(delta: number): number;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
var Memory: {
|
||||
prototype: Memory;
|
||||
new (descriptor: MemoryDescriptor): Memory;
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
interface Module {}
|
||||
|
||||
var Module: {
|
||||
prototype: Module;
|
||||
new (bytes: BufferSource): Module;
|
||||
customSections(moduleObject: Module, sectionName: string): ArrayBuffer[];
|
||||
exports(moduleObject: Module): ModuleExportDescriptor[];
|
||||
imports(moduleObject: Module): ModuleImportDescriptor[];
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
interface RuntimeError {}
|
||||
|
||||
var RuntimeError: {
|
||||
prototype: RuntimeError;
|
||||
new (): RuntimeError;
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
interface Table {
|
||||
readonly length: number;
|
||||
get(index: number): Function | null;
|
||||
grow(delta: number): number;
|
||||
set(index: number, value: Function | null): void;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
var Table: {
|
||||
prototype: Table;
|
||||
new (descriptor: TableDescriptor): Table;
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
interface GlobalDescriptor {
|
||||
mutable?: boolean;
|
||||
value: ValueType;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
interface MemoryDescriptor {
|
||||
initial: number;
|
||||
maximum?: number;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
interface ModuleExportDescriptor {
|
||||
kind: ImportExportKind;
|
||||
name: string;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
interface ModuleImportDescriptor {
|
||||
kind: ImportExportKind;
|
||||
module: string;
|
||||
name: string;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
interface TableDescriptor {
|
||||
element: TableKind;
|
||||
initial: number;
|
||||
maximum?: number;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
interface WebAssemblyInstantiatedSource {
|
||||
instance: Instance;
|
||||
module: Module;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type ImportExportKind = 'function' | 'global' | 'memory' | 'table';
|
||||
type TableKind = 'anyfunc';
|
||||
type ValueType = 'f32' | 'f64' | 'i32' | 'i64';
|
||||
type ExportValue = Function | Global | Memory | Table;
|
||||
type Exports = Record<string, ExportValue>;
|
||||
type ImportValue = ExportValue | number;
|
||||
type ModuleImports = Record<string, ImportValue>;
|
||||
type Imports = Record<string, ModuleImports>;
|
||||
function compile(bytes: BufferSource): Promise<Module>;
|
||||
// `compileStreaming` does not exist in NodeJS
|
||||
// function compileStreaming(source: Response | Promise<Response>): Promise<Module>;
|
||||
function instantiate(
|
||||
bytes: BufferSource,
|
||||
importObject?: Imports,
|
||||
): Promise<WebAssemblyInstantiatedSource>;
|
||||
function instantiate(
|
||||
moduleObject: Module,
|
||||
importObject?: Imports,
|
||||
): Promise<Instance>;
|
||||
// `instantiateStreaming` does not exist in NodeJS
|
||||
// function instantiateStreaming(response: Response | PromiseLike<Response>, importObject?: Imports): Promise<WebAssemblyInstantiatedSource>;
|
||||
function validate(bytes: BufferSource): boolean;
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -1,6 +1,37 @@
|
||||
import { promises as fsp } from 'fs';
|
||||
import { instantiateEmscriptenWasm, pathify } from './emscripten-utils.js';
|
||||
|
||||
interface RotateModuleInstance {
|
||||
exports: {
|
||||
memory: WebAssembly.Memory;
|
||||
rotate(width: number, height: number, rotate: number): void;
|
||||
};
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
interface ResizeWithAspectParams {
|
||||
input_width: number;
|
||||
input_height: number;
|
||||
target_width: number;
|
||||
target_height: number;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
interface ResizeInstantiateOptions {
|
||||
width: number;
|
||||
height: number;
|
||||
method: string;
|
||||
premultiply: boolean;
|
||||
linearRGB: boolean;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
declare global {
|
||||
// Needed for being able to use ImageData as type in codec types
|
||||
type ImageData = typeof import('./image_data.js');
|
||||
// Needed for being able to assign to `globalThis.ImageData`
|
||||
var ImageData: ImageData['constructor'];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
import type { QuantizerModule } from '../../codecs/imagequant/imagequant.js';
|
||||
|
||||
// MozJPEG
|
||||
import mozEnc from '../../codecs/mozjpeg/enc/mozjpeg_node_enc.js';
|
||||
import mozEncWasm from 'asset-url:../../codecs/mozjpeg/enc/mozjpeg_node_enc.wasm';
|
||||
@@ -51,16 +82,22 @@ const resizePromise = resize.default(fsp.readFile(pathify(resizeWasm)));
|
||||
// rotate
|
||||
import rotateWasm from 'asset-url:../../codecs/rotate/rotate.wasm';
|
||||
|
||||
// TODO(ergunsh): Type definitions of some modules do not exist
|
||||
// Figure out creating type definitions for them and remove `allowJs` rule
|
||||
// We shouldn't need to use Promise<QuantizerModule> below after getting type definitions for imageQuant
|
||||
// ImageQuant
|
||||
import imageQuant from '../../codecs/imagequant/imagequant_node.js';
|
||||
import imageQuantWasm from 'asset-url:../../codecs/imagequant/imagequant_node.wasm';
|
||||
const imageQuantPromise = instantiateEmscriptenWasm(imageQuant, imageQuantWasm);
|
||||
const imageQuantPromise: Promise<QuantizerModule> = instantiateEmscriptenWasm(
|
||||
imageQuant,
|
||||
imageQuantWasm,
|
||||
);
|
||||
|
||||
// Our decoders currently rely on a `ImageData` global.
|
||||
import ImageData from './image_data.js';
|
||||
globalThis.ImageData = ImageData;
|
||||
|
||||
function resizeNameToIndex(name) {
|
||||
function resizeNameToIndex(name: string) {
|
||||
switch (name) {
|
||||
case 'triangle':
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
@@ -80,26 +117,27 @@ function resizeWithAspect({
|
||||
input_height,
|
||||
target_width,
|
||||
target_height,
|
||||
}) {
|
||||
}: ResizeWithAspectParams): { width: number; height: number } {
|
||||
if (!target_width && !target_height) {
|
||||
throw Error('Need to specify at least width or height when resizing');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
if (target_width && target_height) {
|
||||
return { width: target_width, height: target_height };
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
if (!target_width) {
|
||||
return {
|
||||
width: Math.round((input_width / input_height) * target_height),
|
||||
height: target_height,
|
||||
};
|
||||
}
|
||||
if (!target_height) {
|
||||
|
||||
return {
|
||||
width: target_width,
|
||||
height: Math.round((input_height / input_width) * target_width),
|
||||
};
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
export const preprocessors = {
|
||||
resize: {
|
||||
@@ -108,10 +146,16 @@ export const preprocessors = {
|
||||
instantiate: async () => {
|
||||
await resizePromise;
|
||||
return (
|
||||
buffer,
|
||||
input_width,
|
||||
input_height,
|
||||
{ width, height, method, premultiply, linearRGB },
|
||||
buffer: Uint8Array,
|
||||
input_width: number,
|
||||
input_height: number,
|
||||
{
|
||||
width,
|
||||
height,
|
||||
method,
|
||||
premultiply,
|
||||
linearRGB,
|
||||
}: ResizeInstantiateOptions,
|
||||
) => {
|
||||
({ width, height } = resizeWithAspect({
|
||||
input_width,
|
||||
@@ -148,7 +192,12 @@ export const preprocessors = {
|
||||
description: 'Reduce the number of colors used (aka. paletting)',
|
||||
instantiate: async () => {
|
||||
const imageQuant = await imageQuantPromise;
|
||||
return (buffer, width, height, { numColors, dither }) =>
|
||||
return (
|
||||
buffer: Uint8Array,
|
||||
width: number,
|
||||
height: number,
|
||||
{ numColors, dither }: { numColors: number; dither: number },
|
||||
) =>
|
||||
new ImageData(
|
||||
imageQuant.quantize(buffer, width, height, numColors, dither),
|
||||
width,
|
||||
@@ -164,13 +213,18 @@ export const preprocessors = {
|
||||
name: 'Rotate',
|
||||
description: 'Rotate image',
|
||||
instantiate: async () => {
|
||||
return async (buffer, width, height, { numRotations }) => {
|
||||
return async (
|
||||
buffer: Uint8Array,
|
||||
width: number,
|
||||
height: number,
|
||||
{ numRotations }: { numRotations: number },
|
||||
) => {
|
||||
const degrees = (numRotations * 90) % 360;
|
||||
const sameDimensions = degrees == 0 || degrees == 180;
|
||||
const size = width * height * 4;
|
||||
const { instance } = await WebAssembly.instantiate(
|
||||
await fsp.readFile(pathify(rotateWasm)),
|
||||
);
|
||||
const instance = (
|
||||
await WebAssembly.instantiate(await fsp.readFile(pathify(rotateWasm)))
|
||||
).instance as RotateModuleInstance;
|
||||
const { memory } = instance.exports;
|
||||
const additionalPagesNeeded = Math.ceil(
|
||||
(size * 2 - memory.buffer.byteLength + 8) / (64 * 1024),
|
||||
@@ -346,13 +400,18 @@ export const codecs = {
|
||||
await pngEncDecPromise;
|
||||
await oxipngPromise;
|
||||
return {
|
||||
encode: (buffer, width, height, opts) => {
|
||||
encode: (
|
||||
buffer: Uint8Array,
|
||||
width: number,
|
||||
height: number,
|
||||
opts: { level: number },
|
||||
) => {
|
||||
const simplePng = pngEncDec.encode(
|
||||
new Uint8Array(buffer),
|
||||
width,
|
||||
height,
|
||||
);
|
||||
return oxipng.optimise(simplePng, opts.level);
|
||||
return oxipng.optimise(simplePng, opts.level, false);
|
||||
},
|
||||
};
|
||||
},
|
||||
@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
|
||||
import { fileURLToPath } from 'url';
|
||||
|
||||
export function pathify(path) {
|
||||
export function pathify(path: string): string {
|
||||
if (path.startsWith('file://')) {
|
||||
path = fileURLToPath(path);
|
||||
}
|
||||
return path;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
export function instantiateEmscriptenWasm(factory, path) {
|
||||
export function instantiateEmscriptenWasm<T extends EmscriptenWasm.Module>(
|
||||
factory: EmscriptenWasm.ModuleFactory<T>,
|
||||
path: string,
|
||||
): Promise<T> {
|
||||
return factory({
|
||||
locateFile() {
|
||||
return pathify(path);
|
||||
38
libsquoosh/src/missing-types.d.ts
vendored
Normal file
38
libsquoosh/src/missing-types.d.ts
vendored
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
|
||||
/// <reference path="../../missing-types.d.ts" />
|
||||
|
||||
declare module 'asset-url:*' {
|
||||
const value: string;
|
||||
export default value;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Somehow TS picks up definitions from the module itself
|
||||
// instead of using `asset-url:*`. It is probably related to
|
||||
// specifity of the module declaration and these declarations below fix it
|
||||
declare module 'asset-url:../../codecs/png/pkg/squoosh_png_bg.wasm' {
|
||||
const value: string;
|
||||
export default value;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
declare module 'asset-url:../../codecs/oxipng/pkg/squoosh_oxipng_bg.wasm' {
|
||||
const value: string;
|
||||
export default value;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
declare module 'asset-url:../../codecs/resize/pkg/squoosh_resize_bg.wasm' {
|
||||
const value: string;
|
||||
export default value;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// These don't exist in NodeJS types so we're not able to use them but they are referenced in some emscripten and codec types
|
||||
// Thus, we need to explicitly assign them to be `never`
|
||||
// We're also not able to use the APIs that use these types
|
||||
// So, if we want to use those APIs we need to supply its dependencies ourselves
|
||||
// However, probably those APIs are more suited to be used in web (i.e. there can be other
|
||||
// dependencies to web APIs that might not work in Node)
|
||||
type RequestInfo = never;
|
||||
type Response = never;
|
||||
type WebGLRenderingContext = never;
|
||||
type MessageEvent = never;
|
||||
|
||||
type BufferSource = ArrayBufferView | ArrayBuffer;
|
||||
type URL = import('url').URL;
|
||||
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
|
||||
"extends": "../generic-tsconfig.json",
|
||||
"compilerOptions": {
|
||||
"lib": ["esnext"],
|
||||
"types": ["node"]
|
||||
"types": ["node"],
|
||||
"allowJs": true
|
||||
},
|
||||
"include": ["src/**/*"]
|
||||
"include": ["src/**/*", "../codecs/**/*"]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ export default class TwoUp extends HTMLElement {
|
||||
*/
|
||||
private _everConnected = false;
|
||||
|
||||
private _resizeObserver?: ResizeObserver;
|
||||
|
||||
constructor() {
|
||||
super();
|
||||
this._handle.className = styles.twoUpHandle;
|
||||
@@ -45,13 +47,6 @@ export default class TwoUp extends HTMLElement {
|
||||
childList: true,
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
// Watch for element size changes.
|
||||
if ('ResizeObserver' in window) {
|
||||
new ResizeObserver(() => this._resetPosition()).observe(this);
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
window.addEventListener('resize', () => this._resetPosition());
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Watch for pointers on the handle.
|
||||
const pointerTracker: PointerTracker = new PointerTracker(this._handle, {
|
||||
start: (_, event) => {
|
||||
@@ -68,8 +63,6 @@ export default class TwoUp extends HTMLElement {
|
||||
);
|
||||
},
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
window.addEventListener('keydown', (event) => this._onKeyDown(event));
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
connectedCallback() {
|
||||
@@ -84,12 +77,23 @@ export default class TwoUp extends HTMLElement {
|
||||
}</svg>
|
||||
`}</div>`;
|
||||
|
||||
// Watch for element size changes.
|
||||
this._resizeObserver = new ResizeObserver(() => this._resetPosition());
|
||||
this._resizeObserver.observe(this);
|
||||
|
||||
window.addEventListener('keydown', this._onKeyDown);
|
||||
|
||||
if (!this._everConnected) {
|
||||
this._resetPosition();
|
||||
this._everConnected = true;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
disconnectedCallback() {
|
||||
window.removeEventListener('keydown', this._onKeyDown);
|
||||
if (this._resizeObserver) this._resizeObserver.disconnect();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
attributeChangedCallback(name: string) {
|
||||
if (name === orientationAttr) {
|
||||
this._resetPosition();
|
||||
@@ -97,7 +101,7 @@ export default class TwoUp extends HTMLElement {
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// KeyDown event handler
|
||||
private _onKeyDown(event: KeyboardEvent) {
|
||||
private _onKeyDown = (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
|
||||
const target = event.target;
|
||||
if (target instanceof HTMLElement && target.closest('input')) return;
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -122,7 +126,7 @@ export default class TwoUp extends HTMLElement {
|
||||
this._relativePosition = this._position / bounds[dimensionAxis];
|
||||
this._setPosition();
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
private _resetPosition() {
|
||||
// Set the initial position of the handle.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -377,6 +377,7 @@ export default class Compress extends Component<Props, State> {
|
||||
|
||||
componentWillUnmount(): void {
|
||||
updateDocumentTitle({ loading: false });
|
||||
this.widthQuery.removeListener(this.onMobileWidthChange);
|
||||
this.mainAbortController.abort();
|
||||
for (const controller of this.sideAbortControllers) {
|
||||
controller.abort();
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user